What were 2 ways the French Revolution impacted the Latin American Revolutions? A digital collection of Latin American travel accounts written in the 16th-19th centuries. Chicago: Charles H. Sergel, 1892. Final destruction of loyalist resistance in the highlands required the entrance of northern armies. European countries lost valuable lands. The American Revolutionary War took place in thirteen colonies, in North America, an ocean away from its ruling monarchy in Great Britain, in Europe. New men were able to enter public life, both as voters and as elected officials. The Boston Port Act, closing the port of Boston until the Dutch East India Company had been repaid for the destroyed tea; The Revolutions: American And Haitian By Laurent Dubois, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, adapted by Newsela staff on 10.29.19 Word Count 1,428 Level 1040L. Tensions between more liberal and more conservative political factions continued for much of the next century, culminating in the Mexican Revolution of 1910. brazil. Between 1808 and 1826 all of Latin America except the Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico slipped out of the hands of the Iberian powers who had ruled the region since the conquest. He and Micaela sought a multiethnic and multiclass alliance, recruiting not only Indians but also mestizos, blacks, Creoles, and good Spaniards. Moreover, the influence of those ideologies was sharply restricted; with few exceptions only small circles of educated, urban elites had access to Enlightenment thought. Why did the Creoles lead the Latin American revolution? The revolution began with a failed assault on Cuban military . answer choices. In places like Argentina, colonies "sort of" declared independence, claiming they would only rule themselves until such time as Charles IV or his son Ferdinand was put back on the Spanish throne. Two of the main revolutions were the French Revolution and the Latin American Revolution. In order to better understand this decade-long civil war, we offer an overview of the main players on the competing sides, primary source materials for point of view analysis, discussion of how the arts reflected . In the Latin American Revolution, nearly all the Spanish colonies, as well as the Portuguese colony of Brazil and the French colony of Haiti, fought for and achieved their independence. Across the Ro de la Plata from Buenos Aires, Montevideo and its surroundings became the separate Estado Oriental (Eastern State, later Uruguay). People of pure-blood Spanish descent that were born in the colonies. Bolvar called for the abolition of slavery in 1816, later acknowledging that the people in his home region were a mix of hues and backgrounds. A History of Peru. Learn about some of the most important Latin American Revolution leaders in the table below. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. The Latin American revolutions took place in the late 18th century and early 19th century. Other expeditions took the cause to Upper Peru, the region that would become Bolivia. The war also initiated a broader discussion of the morality of slavery. Many Creoles (those of Spanish parentage but who were born in America) felt Bourbon policy to be an unfair attack on their wealth, political power, and social status. When the Spanish colonial officials proved ineffective against the invasion, a volunteer militia of Creoles and peninsulars organized resistance and pushed the British out. They drafted the Plan of Iguala. The French Revolution took place within France itself, an action that directly threatened the French monarchy. American Revolution, also called United States War of Independence or American Revolutionary War, (1775-83), insurrection by which 13 of Great Britain's North American colonies won political independence and went on to form the United States of America. The result of these revolutions was the formation of independent countries in Latin America. French forces under Napoleon declared him a traitor, captured, and imprisoned him. A slave revolt began in 1791 and eventually morphed into a full-fledged-struggle for independence. The United States intervened in the war after the destruction of the USS Maine battleship in Havana Harbor by what, at the time, was believed to be a Spanish mine. However, in September 1822, San Martn withdrew from the war, which was stuck in stalemate. But just who were the Creoles? Many Creoles said they were loyal to Spain, not Napoleon. Markham, Clements. Distinct interests and long-standing resentment of the viceregal capital led different regions in the south to pursue separate destinies. After hundreds of years of proven service to Spain, the American-born elites felt that the Bourbons were now treating them like a recently conquered nation. Cuba and Puerto Rico did not become independent during the period where most Latin American Revolutions occurred. The South American Revolutions | Boundless World History - Course Hero He aligned himself with independence fighter Vicente Guerrero. The Tupac Amaru Rebellion: Anticolonialism and Protonationalism in Late Colonial Peru. In A Companion to Latin American Literature and Culture. American Revolution contains articles, sources and perspectives on events in America between 1763 and 1789. The impact of Enlightenment ideas. "There were differences on Ukraine issue" :Jaishankar on G20 meeting Even since most of Latin America gained independence from Spain in the period from 1810 to 1825, the region has been the scene of numerous disastrous civil wars and revolutions. Outcomes of the Revolution, both long-term and short-term. In 1810 a Cortes (Parliament) emerged in Cdiz to represent both Spain and Spanish America. https://www.thoughtco.com/latin-america-causes-of-independence-2136120 (accessed March 5, 2023). Unable to preserve any sort of monopoly on trade, the Spanish crown was forced to loosen the restrictions on its colonies commerce. The states that eventually became Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Honduras declared independence. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. In 1806 a British expeditionary force captured Buenos Aires. Latin American Independence Freemanpedia Which two statements describe outcomes of the latin american What is the difference between Latin and American Revolution? Although Fisher did not have access to the document collections and analyses published after her study, the analysis is solid and the narrative engaging. Cartoon, 1847. Buenos Aires then declared full independence in 1816, creating the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, which included most of modern-day Argentina and Uruguay. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. 3 main causes of the Latin American revolution were the resentment by Creoles of being denied access to political power, the spread of Enlightenment ideas, and the impact of the French Revolution. There are two main Latin American revolution causes: the impact of the French Revolution and resentment at the political structure of colonial rule. Yet the Creoles who participated in the new Cortes were denied equal representation. Fig 3 - Painting by Francsico de Goya depicting the occupatoin of Spain by French armies. From there, troops under northern generals finally stamped out the last vestiges of loyalist resistance in Peru and Bolivia by 1826. Match the revolutionary leaders with their goals or achievements. Meanwhile, for the largely disadvantaged peoples of mixed race as well as the indigenous and free peoples of African descent, desires for legal equality prompted many to join the cause of independence once the Latin American Revolutions got underway. In the Spanish colonies, the society was made up of distinctive social classes. Independence in the former Viceroyalty of the Ro de la Plata, however, encountered grave difficulties in the years after 1810. By 1826, nearly all the Spanish colonies of the Americas had achieved independence. The Tupac Amaru Rebellion raged across the Andes from 1780 to 1783. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. Can India's push for millets start a food revolution? By that time, Spain was between a rock and a hard place: The creoles clamored for . Not only did it provide a massive distraction and tie up Spanish troops and ships, it pushed many undecided Creoles over the edge in favor of independence. Iturbide was a royalist general. Some were a positive influence: The American Revolution (17651783) was seen by many in South America as a good example of elite leaders of colonies throwing off European rule and replacing it with a more fair and democratic societylater, some constitutions of new republics borrowed heavily from the U.S. Constitution. While Brazil had a similar political structure for much of its colonial era, the causes of its independence played out quite differently. Perhaps the most important immediate consequence of declaring independence was the creation of state constitutions in 1776 and 1777. Economic inequality and land ownership often went hand in hand with racial hierarchy. The following information will explain the two revolutions and how their actions created such a monumental change. The highly racist colonial society was extremely sensitive to minute percentages of Black or Indigenous blood. Ultimately, he opted to fight for independence to establish his own empire under his sole control. These revolutions followed the American and French Revolution, which had profound effects on the Spanish, Portuguese and French colonies in the Americas. The Tupac Amaru Rebellion - Latin American Studies - Oxford - obo Inhabitants of these colonies also chose to fight for independence. However, a liberal revolution in Portugal in 1822 challenged the rule of Portuguese King Dom Joo and forced him to set up a constitutional monarchy. The Latin American region witnessed various revolutions in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Latin American wars of independence | Military Wiki | Fandom Effects of the Latin American Revolution Flashcards | Quizlet Revolutionary leaders established new countries that only sometimes lived up to promises of democratic rule. By the late eighteenth century, the Spanish colonies had a thriving class of Creoles (Criollo in Spanish), wealthy men and women of European ancestry born in the New World. Caught between the loyalism of Spanish officers and the imperialist intentions of Buenos Aires and Portuguese Brazil, the regional leader Jos Gervasio Artigas formed an army of thousands of gauchos. But in the end, there was no real going back from such a step. Britain, France, and Spain were all significantly affected by the American Revolutionary War, which would, in turn, affect large portions of the globe. Indigenous Population and Justice System in Central Mexico Jos Mara Arguedas and Early 21st Century Cultural and Po Law and Society in Latin America since 1800, Legal History of New Spain, 16th-17th Centuries. . The short-term effects of the American Revolution included a recession in the former colonies and a number of international revolutions. In 1816, he led the Army of the Andes crossing the Andes mountains and defeated royalist forces in Chile. The revolutionary hero Simon Bolivar is a good example, as he was born in Caracas to a well-to-do Creole family that had lived in Venezuela for four generations, but as a rule, did not intermarry with the locals. With the support of Haiti, he returned to his native Venezuela to attempt to free it. These were people of pure-blood Spanish descent that were born in the colonies. Minster, Christopher. Analyze the relationship between Latin American leaders like Simn Bolvar and the United States. Fig 1 - Map showing the years different colonies achieved independence in Latin America. Sign in Register. Starting around 1810, the Spanish colonies on the mainland began moving towards independence. Agustn de Juregui, virrey del Per. Spain was by far the largest colonial power in the Americas. See key events in the Latin American Revolution timeline below. With the Spanish king and his son Ferdinand taken hostage by Napoleon, Creoles and peninsulars began to jockey for power across Spanish America. The rapidity and timing of that dramatic change were the result of a combination of long-building tensions in colonial rule and a series of external events. Interestingly, if discouragingly so, Haiti's status as a black republic also impacted the way independence movements developed. Robert Freeman Smith - Jstor Argentina was the first to formally declare independence on July 9, 1816. The Peninsulares were the most important people in society, holding the highest positions in both the colonial governments and the . As an ally of Napoleon's First French Empire, Spain willingly joined with Napoleonic France and began fighting the British. It also provided important material aid and support to other Latin American revolutions. Creoles selectively adapted rather than simply embraced the thought that had informed revolutions in North America and France. 2. spain. Economies in the Era of Nationalism and Revolution. The other new republics of Latin America largely did as well, thinking it would help them establish successful relations with Europe and the US. Consequently, the forces under San Martn managed only a shaky hold on Lima and the coast. Tupac Amaru became a hero in Peru. Shortly after Charles had abdicated in favour of his son Ferdinand, Napoleon had them both imprisoned. The Haitian Revolution, a bloody but successful uprising of enslaved people against their French colonial enslavers (17911804), terrified landowners in the Caribbean and northern South America, and as the situation worsened in Spain, many feared that Spain could not protect them from a similar uprising. The Race : TV NEWS : Search Captions. Borrow Broadcasts : TV Archive The Roman Catholic Church would retain its privileges, The Latin American Revolutions causes included the division between Creoles and. As late as 1808, Spain's New World Empire stretched from parts of the present-day western U.S. to Tierra del Fuego in South America, from the Caribbean Sea to the Pacific Ocean. However, they defeated the Portuguese military and established control of the entirety of the country by March 1824, when the city of Montevideo, the last major Portuguese stronghold, fell. Walker, Charles F. The Tupac Amaru Rebellion. Fig 6 - Painting depicting a battle of the Haitian Revolution. In 1889, a coup deposed Dom Pedro II and established a republic in Brazil. The Tupamaro (Uruguay) and MRTA (Peru) guerrilla groups as well as the rapper Tupac Amaru Shakur are named after him. Latin American Revolution: Timeline & Effects | StudySmarter